Cochlear nucleus
Cochlear nucleus
QUESTION 1
Which of the following is not a basic process in learning?
| Consolidation | ||
| Encoding | ||
| Retrieval | ||
| Transduction | ||
QUESTION 2
When we use memory to perform a learned ability such as playing a musical instrument we are using _____memory.
QUESTION 3
The three successive events that are necessary for recall of a past event are , , and .
QUESTION 4
It has been proposed that PTSD can be reduced or eliminated by administering drugs to:
| Accelerate forgetting | ||
| Block the effects of emotional stress on memory | ||
| Inhibit behavioral sensitization | ||
| Reduce frontal lobe activity |
QUESTION 5
The most striking impairment suffered by H.M. is:
| Prosopagnosia | ||
| Anterograde amnesia | ||
| Retrograde amnesia | ||
| Episodic amnesia |
QUESTION 6
Memories that we are consciously aware that we are retrieving are known as _____memories.
QUESTION 7
Which memory store holds the largest number of items?
| Iconic memory | ||
| Short-term memory | ||
| Intermediate-term memory | ||
| Long-term memory |
QUESTION 8
The ability of elderly people to retrieve certain memories (but not others) seems particularly related to the:
| Presence of memory cues | ||
| Absence of delays between learning and recall | ||
| Presence of rewards | ||
| Specificity of the items to be retrieved from memory |
QUESTION 9
Research indicates that emotional enhancement of memory:
| Cannot be shown in laboratory research | ||
| Occurs in humans but not in nonhuman animals | ||
| Involves adrenergic stress hormones | ||
| Lasts only briefly |
QUESTION 10
Declarative memory is said to deal with:
| “How” | ||
| “Why” | ||
| “Where” | ||
| “What” |
QUESTION 11
Which of the following does not occur in the continuum of mammalian color vision?
| Excellent trichromatic color vision | ||
| Robust dichromatic color vision | ||
| Feeble dichromatic vision of species that have few cones | ||
| Total lack of wavelength discrimination |
QUESTION 12
The dorsal stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about:
| “What” | ||
| “Who” | ||
| “Where” | ||
| “When” |
QUESTION 13
Rods and cones in the retina are analogous to:
| Merkle’s discs in the skin | ||
| The tympanic membrane of the ear | ||
| Odor receptor cells in the nasal epithelium | ||
| All of the above |
QUESTION 14
When you are gazing at near objects (such as this question), the lens of the eye is:
| Relaxed | ||
| Stretched and thinned | ||
| Thickened | ||
| Concave |
QUESTION 15
Which of the following is the correct route for the passage of visual information?
| Optic tract, optic nerve, optic radiations | ||
| Optic radiations, optic nerve, optic tract | ||
| Optic nerve, optic radiations, optic tract | ||
| Optic nerve, optic tract, optic radiations |
QUESTION 16
The _____neuron is active when an individual observes another individual making a particular movement.
QUESTION 17
Because the visual system integrates stimuli over time, its performance is relatively:
| Fast, at the expense of sensitivity | ||
| Slow but sensitive | ||
| Fast and sensitive | ||
| Sensitive, at the expense of acuity |
QUESTION 18
Which of the following is the dominant modern theory of color discrimination?
| Helmholtz trichromatic hypothesis | ||
| Hering opponent-process hypothesis | ||
| De Valois hypothesis of spectrally opponent cells | ||
| Zeki hypothesis of cortical color processing |
QUESTION 19
Retinal receptor cells release the neurotransmitter _____.
QUESTION 20
The brightest light at which we can see is about _____ times as intense as the dimmest light at which we can see.
| 100,000 | ||
| 10 million | ||
| 1 billion | ||
| 10 billion |
QUESTION 21
In human males, sexual orientation is probably determined:
| Around puberty | ||
| By age four | ||
| By hormonal variations | ||
| By the sex chromosome carried by the father’s sperm |
QUESTION 22
The stages of reproductive behavior include all of the following except:
| Appetitive behavior | ||
| Sexual attraction | ||
| Organizational behavior | ||
| Copulation |
QUESTION 23
The internal sex organs:
| Require hormonal stimulation in both males and females for proper development | ||
| Are bisexual early in development, unlike the gonads | ||
| Develop from the müllerian system in males | ||
| None of the above |
QUESTION 24
The first standardized information about human sex behavior was obtained by:
| Beach | ||
| Kinsey | ||
| Masters and Johnson | ||
| Money and Ehrhardt |
QUESTION 25
Which of the following, if true, would indicate that aromatization does not play a role in sexual differentiation of humans?
| There are no sex differences in humans. | ||
| The sensitive period for humans is postnatal. | ||
| Human estrogen does not cross the placenta. | ||
| Human α-fetoprotein does not bind estrogens. |
QUESTION 26
Research indicates that treating postmenopausal women with low doses of _____can revive sexual interest.
| androgen | ||
| estrogen | ||
| progesterone | ||
| cortisol |
QUESTION 27
Which of the following are the organs derived from the wolffian duct system?
| Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, testes, epididymis, prostate | ||
| Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, prostate, epididymis | ||
| Seminal vesicles, epididymis, prostate, testes | ||
| Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, epididymis |
QUESTION 28
Among humans, the only behavior that is displayed exclusively by one sex is _____.
QUESTION 29
Which of the following can regulate sex determination?
| Paternal hormones | ||
| Temperature | ||
| Genes | ||
| Both b and c |
QUESTION 30
Müllerian ducts develop to form:
| Internal male reproductive structures | ||
| Labia | ||
| Internal female reproductive structures | ||
| Ovaries |
QUESTION 31
One of the reasons we know that insulin is not the only cue for satiety is that:
| Insulin does not rise after a meal. | ||
| Low doses of insulin do not stop eating. | ||
| High doses of insulin initiate eating. | ||
| Untreated diabetic patients are not hungry. |
QUESTION 32
Which of the following animals does not regulate its body weight?
| A rat with a recent LH lesion | ||
| A rat recovering from an LH lesion | ||
| A rat provided with a high-fat diet | ||
| A rat provided with a low-fat diet |
QUESTION 33
About _____% of the heat produced by a human at rest is generated by the brain.
| 20 | ||
| 33 | ||
| 50 | ||
| 75 |
QUESTION 34
The body stores glucose for later use after first converting it to a more complex form called _____.
QUESTION 35
People suffering from anorexia nervosa:
| Have no appetite | ||
| Think about food a great deal | ||
| Have a neurological disease | ||
| Gain weight |
QUESTION 36
A principal advantage that ectotherms have over endotherms is that ectotherms:
| Eat less | ||
| Eat more | ||
| Run faster | ||
| Jump higher |
QUESTION 37
Which of the following is not considered a motivated behavior?
| Taking shelter in a storm | ||
| Eating | ||
| Drinking | ||
| Breathing |
QUESTION 38
The relationship of basal metabolism to body mass across species does not hold for:
| Very large mammals | ||
| Microorganisms | ||
| An animal that is food-deprived or not at its target weight | ||
| None of the above; the relationship holds for all of these groups |
QUESTION 39
When a person stops producing insulin early in life, from which type of diabetes does he or she suffer?
| Diabetes insipidus | ||
| Type I | ||
| Type II | ||
| Congenital |
QUESTION 40
A primary tenet of homeostasis is:
| Repetition | ||
| Redundancy | ||
| Body temperature maintenance | ||
| Water balance |
QUESTION 41
Growth hormone secretion is high during _____sleep.
QUESTION 42
Nightmares are associated with:
| Stage 1 SWS | ||
| Stage 2 SWS | ||
| Stages 3 and 4 SWS | ||
| REM sleep |
QUESTION 43
If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in constant conditions in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature, their circannual rhythms:
| Persist, with a period of 365 days | ||
| Become free-running | ||
| Disappear | ||
| Persist only in females |
QUESTION 44
If the SCN is detached from the rest of the brain by a series of knife cuts, its rhythmicity:
| Disappears | ||
| Becomes abnormally short | ||
| Persists | ||
| Becomes infradian |
QUESTION 45
The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _____ in general, and in both men and women in _____.
| women; the later stages of life | ||
| men; the later stages of life | ||
| women; middle age | ||
| men; middle age |
QUESTION 46
The attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by:
| The immediate onset of deep SWS | ||
| The immediate onset of REM | ||
| A usual pattern of SWS and REM sleep | ||
| The lack of REM |
QUESTION 47
Entrainment of circadian rhythms refers to the process by which:
| The periodic oscillations of an animal’s activity are dampened | ||
| The length a typical day is extended | ||
| The rhythms of an animal’s activities are synchronized and shifted | ||
| A free-running process is established |
QUESTION 48
The most powerful stimulus for resetting the circadian clock is _____.
QUESTION 49
_____sleep is characterized by a rapid EEG of low amplitude.
QUESTION 50
Which neurotransmitter has been especially implicated in the generation of rhythms within the SCN?
| Acetylcholine | ||
| Serotonin | ||
| GABA | ||
| None of the above |
QUESTION 51
Mark and Ervin have argued that some human violence is:
| Related to temporal lobe seizure activity | ||
| Socially inspired and shaped | ||
| Related to the XXY chromosome pattern | ||
| Resistant to surgical intervention |
QUESTION 52
Which of the following statements is most true about cross-cultural observations of facial expressions?
| All facial expressions are interpreted similarly across cultures. | ||
| Explicit cultural training is needed to interpret facial expressions. | ||
| Facial expressions are subject to culture-specific display rules. | ||
| Only the static features of facial expression are culture-invariant. |
QUESTION 53
From the perspective of evolutionary psychology, emotions can be viewed as _____ programs that organize behavior in adaptive ways.
QUESTION 54
Which of the following is not an attribute of the type A personality?
| High competitive drive | ||
| Submission to authority | ||
| Impatience | ||
| Hostility |
QUESTION 55
Which of the following transmitters has been especially implicated in the control of aggression?
| Acetylcholine | ||
| Substance P | ||
| Serotonin | ||
| Dopamine |
QUESTION 56
The device that is used to measure bodily responses to stress is called a _____.
QUESTION 57
In a normal young subject, the presence of a friend during a demanding task:
| Places strong physiological demands on the subject | ||
| Provokes unregulated hostility and physiological arousal | ||
| Increases blood pressure | ||
| Lessens the magnitude of cardiovascular response to this type of stress |
QUESTION 58
Papez’s circuit provides a model of the relationships of different regions in the limbic system involved in:
| Facial expression | ||
| Autonomic response specificity | ||
| Emotional expression | ||
| The neural control of violence |
QUESTION 59
With increased levels of corticosteroids, the responses of the immune system to pathogens such as viruses is:
| Inhibited | ||
| Enhanced | ||
| Unchanged | ||
| Affected slightly |
QUESTION 60
Patients with Parkinson’s disease show which of the following changes of emotional expression?
| They cannot move the face voluntarily. | ||
| They lose spontaneous emotional expression. | ||
| They can show expressions of happiness only. | ||
| They have profound lesions of the facial nucleus. |
QUESTION 61
Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to cut the as a treatment for .
QUESTION 62
Prosopagnosia is the inability to:
| Identify objects by touch | ||
| Learn the names of objects that are seen | ||
| Recognize faces | ||
| Distinguish different patterns of visual stimuli |
QUESTION 63
Broca’s aphasia is usually associated with lesions of:
| The angular gyrus | ||
| The left inferior frontal region | ||
| Wernicke’s area | ||
| The left temporal lobe |
QUESTION 64
An exciting future treatment for brain injury may be the use of [_____] to replace the damaged neurons.
QUESTION 65
The left visual field is projected to:
| The left hemisphere | ||
| Both hemispheres | ||
| The right hemisphere | ||
| The hemisphere associated with handedness |
QUESTION 66
Improvements in language ability following a stroke may develop from a:
| Shift to right-hemisphere control of language | ||
| Profound regrowth of connections in the left hemisphere | ||
| Subcortical control of language | ||
| Shift to frontal cortical control of language |
QUESTION 67
According to some studies, stroke patients given _____ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time.
| melodic intonation | ||
| constraint-induced-movement | ||
| edema reduction | ||
| intense massage |
QUESTION 68
Widespread neuronal death occurs in stroke apparently as a consequence of:
| Too little activity of neurons | ||
| Too much excitation of neurons | ||
| A loss of connections from other regions | ||
| Pathological changes in glial cells |
QUESTION 69
A patient who produces seemingly fluent but largely unintelligible speech and has poor comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _____ aphasia.
| Wernicke’s | ||
| Broca’s | ||
| conduction | ||
| global |
QUESTION 70
Patients with aphasia sometimes produce entirely new, nonsensical words called:
| Nonfluent speech items | ||
| Agraphisms | ||
| Neologisms | ||
| Anomias |
QUESTION 71
Which of the following does not belong with the others?
| Semicircular canal | ||
| Middle canal | ||
| Tympanic canal | ||
| Vestibular canal |
QUESTION 72
The auditory system is believed to have evolved from the system, which in turn is thought to have evolved from the system.
QUESTION 73
The phenomenon of onset _____ and the formation of a sound _____by the head allow for the localization of sound in space.
| disparity; shadow | ||
| disparity; box | ||
| similarity; shadow | ||
| similarity; box |
QUESTION 74
The inferior colliculus projects auditory impulses to the:
| Cochlear nucleus | ||
| Superior olivary complex | ||
| Medial geniculate nucleus | ||
| Primary auditory cortex |
QUESTION 75
Hearing may be partially restored in deaf people through the use of devices called _____.
QUESTION 76
The lowest level at which impulses from the two ears interact is the:
| Cochlear nucleus | ||
| Medial geniculate | ||
| Olivary nucleus | ||
| Inferior colliculus |
QUESTION 77
The idea that we use both intensity differences and differences in the time of arrival of auditory signals to localize sounds is called the _____theory.
QUESTION 78
Deafness that arises from problems with the middle ear is called _____deafness.
QUESTION 79
For humans, the minimal discriminable frequency difference between two tones is about:
| 20 Hz for sounds up to 2000 Hz | ||
| 2 Hz for sounds up to 2000 Hz | ||
| 10 Hz for sounds less than 20,000 Hz | ||
| 10 Hz for sounds greater than 2000 Hz |
QUESTION 80
Within the nucleus laminaris of birds, bineural cells act as _____to detect the location of sound in space.
| space detectors | ||
| coincidence detectors | ||
| place engineers | ||
| None of the above |
